An address she gave in Brooklyn, New York, on December 10, 1894, was covered in the New York Times. Not only are two hundred men and women put to death annually, on the average, in this country by mobs, but these lives are taken with the greatest publicity. Wells, a journalist and social critic who had been born a slave in 1862, published "Southern Horrors: The Lynch Law in. WELLS "Lynch Law," says the Virginia Lancet, "as known by that appellation, had its origin in 1780 in a combination of citizens of Pittsylvania County, Virginia, entered into for the purpose of . Quite a number of the one-third alleged cases of assault that have been personally investigated by the writer have shown that there was no foundation in fact for the charges; yet the claim is not made that there were no real culprits among them. She went on to found and become integral in groups. In Ida B. Wells' works Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases and A Red Record, Ida B. Of this number 160 were of Negro descent. Wells in Chicago, Illinois, January, 1900 by Ida B. If a colored man resented the imposition of a white man and the two came to blows, the colored man had to die, either at the hands of the white man then and there or later at the hands of a mob that speedily gathered. . Wells-Barnett, Ida B, et al. The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Wo Equal Rights Amendment to the Federal Constitutio Better Baby Contest, Indiana State Fair, State of the Union Address Part IV (1911). In many instances the leading citizens aid and abet by their presence when they do not participate, and the leading journals inflame the public mind to the lynching point with scare-head articles and offers of rewards. IDA B. Rhetoric. During the last ten years a new statute has been added to the unwritten law. This statute proclaims that for certain crimes or alleged crimes no negro shall be allowed a trial; that no white woman shall be compelled to charge an assault under oath or to submit any such charge to the investigation of a court of law. On Feb. 13, 1893, Wells delivered a scathing rebuke of lynching in front of a mostly white and angry audience at Boston's Tremont Temple. Source: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Lynch Law in America, The Arena 23 (January 1900), 15-24. The Anti-Lynching Bureau of the National Afro-American Council is arranging to have every lynching investigated and publish the facts to the world, as has been done in the case of Sam Hose, who was burned alive last April at Newman, Ga. Again the aid of the unwritten law is invoked, and again it comes to the rescue. It was enough to fight the enemies from without; woe to the foe within! March 01, 2023. Ida B. The pamphlet was reprinted in 1893 and 1894. The implication of her speech's titlethat lynching had become America's lawwould surely have caused her audience to pause, and the entirety of her speech provided the facts necessary for them to reflect upon. Wells starts her inspiring movement with writing the pamphlet, Lynch Law in Georgia. 5Maryland.. 1 Wyoming. 9Mississippi.. 16 Arizona Ter 3Missouri.. 6 Oklahoma 2 Civil Rights and Conflict in the United States: Selected Speeches (Lit2Go Edition). Copyright 20062023 by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida. Ida Wells was born into slavery. However, the verdict of her innocence was overturned by Tennessee Appeals Court, the injustice shocking Ida. If caught he was promptly tried, and if found guilty was hanged to the tree under which the court convened. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated, they became the primary targets of white Southerners. She was also active in the womens rights movement. No matter that our laws presume every man innocent until he is proved guilty; no matter that it leaves a certain class of individuals completely at the mercy of another class; no matter that mobs make a farce of the law and a mockery of justice; no matter that hundreds of boys are being hardened in crime and schooled in vice by the repetition of such scenes before their eyesif a white woman declares herself insulted or assaulted, some life must pay the penalty, with all the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition and all the barbarism of the Middle Ages. In May 1884, Wells had boarded a train to Nashville with a first-class ticket, but she was told that she had to sit in the car reserved for African Americans. No American travels abroad without blushing for shame for his country on this subject. A few months ago the conscience of this country was shocked because, after a two-weeks trial, a French judicial tribunal pronounced Captain Dreyfus guilty. ters were from Ida B. Wells-Barnettjournalist, author, public speaker, and civil rights activistwho received national and international attention for her efforts to expose, educate, and inform the public on the evils and truths of lynching. This condition of affairs were brutal enough and horrible enough if it were true that lynchings occurred only because of the commission of crimes against womenas is constantly declared by ministers, editors, lawyers, teachers, statesmen, and even by women themselves. In her pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases, published in 1892, the African American journalist Ida B. Her most famous pieces propelled Wells to the leadership of the anti-lynching crusade at the turn of the twentieth century. Wells died she had faded from public view somewhat, and major newspapers did not note her passing. This has been done in Texarkana and Paris, Tex., in Bardswell, Ky., and in Newman, Ga. Wells was already out of town when she realized that an editorial she'd written had caused a riot. In Memphis, Wells found work as a teacher. His savage, untutored mind suggested no better way than that of wreaking vengeance upon those who had wronged him. For more information, including classroom activities, readability data, and original sources, please visit https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/185/civil-rights-and-conflict-in-the-united-states-selected-speeches/4375/speech-on-lynch-law-in-america-given-by-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-illinois-january-1900/. Whenever a burning is advertised to take place, the railroads run excursions, photographs are taken, and the same jubilee is indulged in that characterized the public hangings of one hundred years ago. To those who fail to be convinced from any other point of view touching this momentous question, a consideration of the economic phase might not be amiss. It is now no uncommon thing to read of lynchings north of Mason and Dixons line, and those most responsible for this fashion gleefully point to these instances and assert that the North is no better than the South. These advocates of the unwritten law boldly avowed their purpose to intimidate, suppress, and nullify the negros right to vote. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Lansings Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting. Not only this, but so potent is the force of example that the lynching mania has spread throughout the North and middle West. Wells was enslaved from her birth on July 16, 1862,in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Men were taken from their homes by red-shirt bands and stripped, beaten, and exiled; others were assassinated when their political prominence made them obnoxious to their political opponents; while the Ku-Klux barbarism of election days, reveling in the butchery of thousands of colored voters, furnished records in Congressional investigations that are a disgrace to civilization. Wells (1893).Which of the following arguments did Ida B. She became involved in local politics in Chicago and also with the nationwide drive for women's suffrage. Ida B. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, born enslaved in Mississippi, was a pioneering activist and journalist. It asserted its sway in defiance of law and in favor of anarchy. In many instances the leading citizens aid and abet by their presence when they do not participate, and the leading journals inflame the public mind to the lynching point with scare-head articles and offers of rewards. . . But this alleged reason adds to the deliberate injustice of the mobs work. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. When Ida was 16, her family faced a terrible tragedy when her parents and baby brother died of yellow fever. Paid Great Britain for outrages on James Bainand Frederick Dawson . 2,800.00. The second subsection presents Ida B. Ida B. Wells-Barnett's Arena article was groundbreaking in many ways. Collection gutenberg Contributor Project Gutenberg Language Wells. But men, women, and children were the victims of murder by individuals and murder by mobs, just as they had been when killed at the demands of the unwritten law to prevent negro domination. Negroes were killed for disputing over terms of contracts with their employers. In many cases there has been open expression that the fate meted out to the victim was only what he deserved. The only way a man had to secure a stay of execution was to behave himself. The charges for which they were lynched cover a wide range. Not only are two hundred men and women put to death annually, on the average, in this country by mobs, but these lives are taken with the greatest publicity. The report noted that Wells had been welcomed by a local chapter of the Anti-Lynching Society, and a letter from Frederick Douglass, regretting that he couldn't attend, had been read. The Chicago Tribune, which publishes annually lynching statistics, is authority for the following: In 1892, when lynching reached high-water mark, there were 241 persons lynched. For the next four decades she would devote her life, often at great personal risk, to campaigning against lynching. No emergency called for lynch law. Features such as a chronology, questions for consideration, a bibliography, and an index are also included to aid students' understanding of the historical context and significance of Ida B. Wells's work. Our Core Document Collection allows students to read history in the words of those who made it. The Arena was a monthly literary magazine published in . There it has flourished ever since, marking the thirty years of its existence with the inhuman butchery of more than ten thousand men, women, and children by shooting, drowning, hanging, and burning them alive. His fourteen-year-old daughter and sixteen-year-old son were hanged and their bodies filled with bullets; then the father was also lynched. . DuBois on Black Progress (1895, 1903), Jane Addams, The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements (1892), Eugene Debs, How I Became a Socialist (April, 1902), Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907), Alice Stone Blackwell, Answering Objections to Womens Suffrage (1917), Theodore Roosevelt on The New Nationalism (1910), Woodrow Wilson Requests War (April 2, 1917), Emma Goldman on Patriotism (July 9, 1917), W.E.B DuBois, Returning Soldiers (May, 1919), Lutiant Van Wert describes the 1918 Flu Pandemic (1918), Manuel Quezon calls for Filipino Independence (1919), Warren G. Harding and the Return to Normalcy (1920), Crystal Eastman, Now We Can Begin (1920), Marcus Garvey, Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1921), Hiram Evans on the The Klans Fight for Americanism (1926), Herbert Hoover, Principles and Ideals of the United States Government (1928), Ellen Welles Page, A Flappers Appeal to Parents (1922), Huey P. Long, Every Man a King and Share our Wealth (1934), Franklin Roosevelts Re-Nomination Acceptance Speech (1936), Second Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1937), Lester Hunter, Id Rather Not Be on Relief (1938), Bertha McCall on Americas Moving People (1940), Dorothy West, Amateur Night in Harlem (1938), Charles A. Lindbergh, America First (1941), A Phillip Randolph and Franklin Roosevelt on Racial Discrimination in the Defense Industry (1941), Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga on Japanese Internment (1942/1994), Harry Truman Announcing the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima (1945), Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945), Dwight D. Eisenhower, Atoms for Peace (1953), Senator Margaret Chase Smiths Declaration of Conscience (1950), Lillian Hellman Refuses to Name Names (1952), Paul Robesons Appearance Before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1956), Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), Richard Nixon on the American Standard of Living (1959), John F. Kennedy on the Separation of Church and State (1960), Congressman Arthur L. Miller Gives the Putrid Facts About Homosexuality (1950), Rosa Parks on Life in Montgomery, Alabama (1956-1958), Barry Goldwater, Republican Nomination Acceptance Speech (1964), Lyndon Johnson on Voting Rights and the American Promise (1965), Lyndon Johnson, Howard University Commencement Address (1965), National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose (1966), George M. Garcia, Vietnam Veteran, Oral Interview (1969/2012), Fannie Lou Hamer: Testimony at the Democratic National Convention 1964, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968), Statement by John Kerry of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971), Barbara Jordan, 1976 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (1976), Jimmy Carter, Crisis of Confidence (1979), Gloria Steinem on Equal Rights for Women (1970), First Inaugural Address of Ronald Reagan (1981), Jerry Falwell on the Homosexual Revolution (1981), Statements from The Parents Music Resource Center (1985), Phyllis Schlafly on Womens Responsibility for Sexual Harassment (1981), Jesse Jackson on the Rainbow Coalition (1984), Bill Clinton on Free Trade and Financial Deregulation (1993-2000), The 9/11 Commission Report, Reflecting On A Generational Challenge (2004), George W. Bush on the Post-9/11 World (2002), Pedro Lopez on His Mothers Deportation (2008/2015), Chelsea Manning Petitions for a Pardon (2013), Emily Doe (Chanel Miller), Victim Impact Statement (2015). A Negro woman, Lou Stevens, was hanged from a railway bridge in Hollendale, Mississippi, in 1892. Aims and Objects of the Movement for Solution of t "The Bible," from Christianity and Liberalism. Ida Wells, born a slave in 1862, organized in the early twentieth century a national crusade against lynching. A lynching is the public killing of an individual who has not received any due process. But the negro resents and utterly repudiates the effort to blacken his good name by asserting that assaults upon women are peculiar to his race. These executions were often carried out by lawless mobs, though police officers did participate, under the pretext of justice. . Thus lynchings began in the South, rapidly spreading into the various States until the national law was nullified and the reign of the unwritten law was supreme. It is generally known that mobs in Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, and other States have lynched subjects of other countries. It has been to the interest of those who did the lynching to blacken the good name of the helpless and defenseless victims of their hate. [2] She had to take care of her siblings, and she moved with them to Memphis, Tennessee, to live with an aunt. There is, however, this difference: in those old days the multitude that stood by was permitted only to guy or jeer. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. It asserted its sway in defiance of law and in favor of anarchy. And whatever the excuse that passes current in the United States, it avails nothing abroad. Not only this, but so potent is the force of example that the lynching mania has spread throughout the North and middle West. Wells would fight for justice and equality in the African American community. It represents the cool, calculating deliberation of intelligent people who openly avow that there is an unwritten law that justifies them in putting human beings to death without complaint. Wells, notebook in hand, runs to the leader of the mob and questions the reasoning for this man's execution. Author Wells Barnett Ida B 1862 1931 LoC No 91898209 Title Lynch Law in Georgia Language English LoC Class E660 History America Late nineteenth century 1865 1900 Subject Hose Sam 1875 1899 Subject Strickland Elijah Subject Lynching Georgia Subject Af . Not only this, but so potent is the force of example that the lynching mania has spread throughout the North and middle West. . Lynchings were violent public acts that white people used to terrorize and control Black people in the 19th and 20th centuries . But this alleged reason adds to the deliberate injustice of the mobs work. . The negro has been too long associated with the white man not to have copied his vices as well as his virtues. At one point a newspaper she owned was burned by a white mob. She was, of course, attacked for that at home. These people knew nothing about Christianity and did not profess to follow its teachings; but such primary laws as they had they lived up to. No scoffer at our boasted American civilization could say anything more harsh of it than does the American white man himself who says he is unable to protect the honor of his women without resort to such brutal, inhuman, and degrading exhibitions as characterize lynching bees. The cannibals of the South Sea Islands roast human beings alive to satisfy hunger. Wells in Chicago, Illinois, January, 1900." Another source of statistics and information on lynching is the report of the Equal Justice Institute. 1 An African-American woman of "striking courage and conviction," she received national recognition as the leader of the anti-lynching crusade. Naturally, they felt slight toleration for traitors in their own ranks. The first statute of this unwritten law was written in the blood of thousands of brave men who thought that a government that was good enough to create a citizenship was strong enough to protect it. Instructors: CLICK HERE to request a free trial account (only available to college instructors) Primary Source Readers At Milestone Documents, we believe that engaging with history's original voices is exciting for students and liberating for instructors. Wells as social activist and journalist, but also studies her personality in the context of her major works and the historical realities of that time.. But the spirit of mob procedure seemed to have fastened itself upon the lawless classes, and the grim process that at first was invoked to declare justice was made the excuse to wreak vengeance and cover crime [in the South]. . In 1892, when lynching reached high-water mark, there were 241 persons lynched. Retrieved March 01, 2023, from https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/185/civil-rights-and-conflict-in-the-united-states-selected-speeches/4375/speech-on-lynch-law-in-america-given-by-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-illinois-january-1900/. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. When one of her friends was lynched in Memphis in 1892, she decided she could not let the defamation and murder of African American men stand any longer. How does Wells explain the occurrence of lynching? Ida B. https://www.thoughtco.com/ida-b-wells-basics-1773408 (accessed March 2, 2023). This document was downloaded from Lit2Go, a free online collection of stories and poems in Mp3 (audiobook) format published by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology. (1900). There is, however, this difference: in those old days the multitude that stood by was permitted only to guy or jeer. In her lifetime, she battled sexism, racism, and violence. Wells exposed the hypocrisy of lynching in the following excerpt, taken from The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition, a pamphlet published in 1893 for the Chicago World's Fair. . Wells was one of those voices. Ida B. A new name was given to the killings and a new excuse was invented for so doing. Her writings infuriated a portion of the citys white population, who ransacked the office of her newspaper. The photograph was taken in Indianapolis, where his wife and children had relocated after the murder. 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