Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. PubMed Central Nature of qualitative evidence. and transmitted securely. Gender-based violence is a key factor . Creswell JW. PubMed 2005;60:691700. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. and Diagnosis Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. A. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, 2007;2:942. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Oman Med J. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Antonitto A. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. New York: Wiley; 1978. National Library of Medicine Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. TWIO. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. I saw it happen as a child. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. . In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. 1976;4:77382. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. Social change theory was used in this paper. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. 36 0 obj <> endobj For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Download Free PDF There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. An official website of the United States government. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. CAS The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. A world survey. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). 2015;29(2):12736. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. 4th ed. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. 2022 Jul 4. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. This . In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Weiss RS. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. The site is secure. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? 2005;83(1):7. I have never gone to modern health centers. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Privacy The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Promot Educ Suppl. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. J Hum Lact. [Female, Study Community # 5]. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Keywords. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Park, K. (n.d.). The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Article Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. endstream endobj startxref Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. %%EOF Qual Health Res. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Mesfin H. Kahissay. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. In Step 1, age was entered. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. Cite this article. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Google Scholar. Young A. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Disclaimer. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. commun.). We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Bookshelf They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Peterson DR. . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Medical anthropology. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Murdock G. Theory of illness. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Medical and cultural considerations. Epub 2022 Apr 6. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s.
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