When Danforth questions Abigail's honesty, how does she respond? Who quits the court? How does he describe the witch-hunts. willing to submit himself to a trial by jury that, he believed, had (witchcraft) Who is John Hale? She realizes that their lies are stronger than her truths and that she will be hung for lying if she doesn't join them. later, on April 19, 1692, Giles Corey was accused of witchcraft and Four years after Coreys death, Sheriff Corwin died suddenly of a heart attack at just 30 years old. Giles Corey feels guilty because he knows that he's ultimately responsible for the arraignment of his wife as a witch. He also said this in the second act. myself, whom I count leastI come! Danforth says that who are not on the side of the court is trying times age against the authority of the court and church. What charge does Giles make against Putnam? I tried and tried and could not say my prayers. She pretends that Mary is a yellow bird sitting on a rafter who wants to claw her face and cries out in fear. Later in the. This meant that they are pretending to see spirits, they are lying. The court does not believe Mary Warren that she is now telling the truth. There is a strong local tradition Giles Corey refused trial in Mary Warren either lied before or is lying now. He tells Hale that the night before, he tried and tried to say his prayers but could get nothing out. Extratropical Cyclone and Anti Cyclones. They were dancing and doing a ritual kind of thing where they make a wish. The Puritans certainly linked an inability to pray with the presence of terrible sinfulness. describe the difference between how the judges question Mary Warren and how they question Abigail. Why is Proctor's passionate outburst at the end of the act with the court's interpretation of his remarks ironic? bad arguments that don't make sense, talking in a circle; no evidence to back up claims. Gardner. Why is Rev. Wants to believe the court (but is being swayed by the proctors), What is the irony in the fact that John Proctor misses the adultery comandment. Giles Corey tells Hale that he is not trying to suggest that his wife "touched the Devil"; he says he just wants to know what she is reading and why she hides it from him. Giles says that his wife, Martha, and Rebecca Nurse have been taken to jail. trials. Giles Cory means he mistakenly ruined Martha's reputation. He claims that he is having his daughter accuse people of witchcraft so that they can die so Putnam can get the land. Rev. In calling Abigail a vvhore, what charge and punishment does Proctor bring upon himself? One of the girls, Ann Putnam, Jr., later apologized for her role in the trials. He and his wife Martha lived on a farm in the southwest corner of Salem village. Giles Corey goes on to say that he has found his wife several times reading mysterious books at night and cannot identify the books because she hides them once he enters the room. Proctor thinks Putnam want a bunch of land. 1659 when he relocated to Salem Farms, just south of Salem Village. In The Crucible, how and why does Giles die? In the He is trying to convince people to confess even if they are innocent. are the factors which make him such a vibrant character. Many locals, especially Thomas Putnam, suspected Corey had paid money to win his freedom. She says that he came to her in the form of the Devil and frightened her into making up her story that Abigail and the girls were lying all along. Download the entire The Crucible study guide as a printable PDF! Write the letter for the word that best completes given sentence. What does Giles Corey mean when he says that he "broke charity" with his wife, Martha Corey? In 1659, Corey relocated to the Village of Salem and soon thereafter, became a successful and well-known farmer. I didnt realize that he was so old. What are the main conflicts in The Crucible and why? (attempted murder). He emigrated from England to Salem and remained there until In calling Abigail a *****, what charge and punishment does Proctor open himself to? Corey was born in Northampton, England, in 1621. accusations, one from Abigail Hobbs who during her own confession What does Giles Corey say about his wife that might cause her problems later on in Arthur Miller's The Crucible? eNotes Editorial, 18 May 2019, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-giles-corey-say-about-his-wife-that-455514. from the Village church so that he would not die as a member of the Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. This moment shows Elizabeth's admiration for Giles' moral strength, which may end up inspiring John. How has Rev. 2005, www.corrections.com/articles/5268History. Mass.gov, Essex County Sheriffs Department, www.mass.gov/essexsheriff/facilities/history.html. He settled in Salem town for a while where the couple had a daughter, Deliverance, on August 5, 1658. guilty, not a single person was cleared so Giles preferred to This quotation is from my English class essay entitled Understanding Me. Corey was so swept up in the mass hysteria he reportedly believed the accusations against his wife and even testified against her on March 24. He's not exactly the smartest tool in the shed, so when he catches. Whose niece is she. In actuality, it appears that his course of action only guaranteed that he would never have the stigma of a guilty verdict attached to his name, since his case would never be tried in a court of law. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. How has Rev. On March 19, 1692, Martha was arrested for witchcraft. Sewall kept a journal from 1673 until a few months before his death in 1730. As a result of the girls behavior, of what does Mary accuse Proctor. in journalism. As the examinations went on, Martha began to doubt their validity and even tried to persuade Giles from attending further examinations by hiding his riding saddle. In his play, Corey's character is Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. When the suspicion of witches begins, Corey unthinkingly says something about his wife reading books . He doesn't drop his desire to have Mary present her case because she is telling the truth and her story will save his wife's life and those of many other people sitting in jail who are falsely accused of following the Devil. However, he wisely took the preliminary precaution to deed all his land into the possession of his sons-in-law, William Cheeves and John Moulton, in the event that Sheriff Corwin attempted to seize the Corey estate illegally, as he had done with the property of several other victims.. Giles Corey in The Crucible In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, Giles Corey is an 83-year-old man whose wife is accused of witchcraft. So have all the others, as far back as I could trace, he says. His wife was convicted along with the fact that Putnam wants his land and is accusing his family of withcraft to get it. Giles Corey reveals to Reverend Hale that he thinks his wife is practicing witchcraft. Latest answer posted November 22, 2020 at 10:36:50 AM. Corey was considered by many to be a violent man after he was charged with beating his farmhand, Jacob Goodale, to death with a stick in 1676. He was found He is jailed for contempt of court because he will not provide the names of the people who told him about Putnam's plot. She was stabbed with a needle in the stomach at dinner and aws in immense plan. Why can't Mary pretend to faint when asked by the court? Because community and as one who lead a "scandalous life," quite possibly He accuses Abby to prove to the court that she brought the chargers against his wife in order to get Elizabeth out of the way. What twi major events occur at the very end of Act II? By the time of the trials, Giles Corey was already 80, and was married to Martha, his third wife. d. pidgin. what type of irony is this? On September 18, 1692, Giles Corey was ex-communicated Even with Francis Nurse and Giles Corey stating that Martha is close to God, she is still accused because of Giles' statements. order to avoid a conviction that would result in the forfeiture of He along with his wife was accused of witchcraft during the 'Salem Witch Trials.' He died while being 'pressed,' an effort to force him to plead in the trials. Why does Proctor not drop the charges against the court when he hears that his wife is pregnant and will be spared for at least a year? Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. arrested for witchcraft. Witchcraft at Salem. Following Martha's arrest, Giles Corey feels extremely guilty for even mentioning the fact that she read unfamiliar books and wishes he never said anything about it. Locals also believe Coreys ghost still haunts the area around the Howard Street Cemetery, as it is now known, and that his ghost is often seen before and after a terrible event happens in the town. These actions made Martha Corey seem suspicious and by mid-March, rumors began to swirl that Martha was a witch. They question Mary Warren more sharply - can't believe she is telling the truth (all accusations of witches were "all pretense"). The play also hints at the murder Corey committed years before and states it was never brought to light.. Accessed 1 Mar. What does Giles Corey reveal to the Proctors and Reverend Hale? To see if Tituba could conjure a spirit and see why her children died and find out why they died. Tell the court that the girls accusations are false. Giles Corey also admits that he feels uncomfortable when he sees his wife reading and has difficulty praying while she reads. In what sense does the Corey's' situation reflect on John and Elizabeth Proctor? The church documents argued that he was either guilty of witchcraft or of suicide due to his choice to endure lethal torture rather than enter a plea. His death was a protest the most dramatic protest of all against the methods of the court.. The mystery surrounding what she reads concerns him a bit, and it is unclear why she would keep her reading material secret. Reverend Hale denounces the court because he believes that the trials have been taken too far. defined by his last conversation with his friend Capt. Giles and Martha Corey also have two memorial markers at their former farm near Crystal Lake in Peabody, Mass. The quote mentioned above from a historical sketch of Salem inaccurately stated that Corey was 81 when he died as a result of the torture. He accuses Abby to prove to the court that she brought the charges against his wife in order to get Elizabeth out of the way. They can destroy the lives of others with a mere accusation, and even the wealthy and influential are not safe. hale is even more uncertain, make sure danforth hears everyone. For one thing, Giles can't understand why Martha enjoys reading. He does not overtly accuse her of being a witch, but he does tell Mr. Hale that Martha has strange habits. Cursed in New England; Stories of Damned Yankees. When Danforth questions Abigail's honesty, how does she respond? hale is even more uncertain, make sure danforth hears everyone what does mary warren tell governor danforth? Giles Corey is somewhat concerned, first, because his wife reads so much, sometimes in the middle of the night while he sleeps, and then she hides her books and will not answer when he asks. What was her plan? This means if the girls are actually making everything up, everyone accused of witchcraft is now innocent. compromising his own values, and his role in his wife's conviction In calling Abigail a w**** what charge and punishment does Proctor bring upon himself? Danforth has already decided that he is guilty, College Bio Final Exam Review- semester 1, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. A fire, a fire is burning! Giles interrupts the proceedings by shouting that Putnam is only making a grab for more land. When Martha closed her book and left the room, however, the prayers came easily to him. Mary is unable to faint because she isn't in an excited state. Why do you think he does this? What is Giles Corey's proof of this charge and why won't he reveal it to the court? He is trying to convince people to confess even if they are innocent. Latest answer posted November 22, 2020 at 10:36:50 AM. The proof is on a paper that states if Jacob is hanged, his property forfeits. reputation and relationships with others however tainted that After his arrest, Giles Corey remained in jail with his wife Also the fact people would accuse people of witchcraft which would then accuse other people of witchcraft and etc. Giles Corey Facts: Known for: pressed to death when he refused to enter a plea in the 1692 Salem witch trials. Wiggin & Lunt, 1867.Hansen, Chadwick. What test is Elizabeth given, and why does she fail it? He is a Reverend who specializes in witches. In act 1, scene 3, Giles Corey asks Reverend John Hale, "What signifies the readin' of strange books?" Although Corey plead not guilty when his case went to trial in September, he had taken advantage of a widely used legal tactic known as standing mute when he was asked the customary question of whether he would accept a trial by a jury of his peers. During Coreys examination at the Salem Village Meetinghouse on April 19, Judge John Hathorne and Judge Jonathan Corwin repeatedly accused him of lying and even tied his hands to prevent him from practicing witchcraft in the courtroom, according to court records written by Reverend Samuel Parris: All the afflicted were seized now with fits, and troubled with pinches. being found not guilty and that a conviction would be inevitable. Giles proof is that another person heard Putnam speak of his intention to get George Jacob's land Corey will not tell the person's the name, however, because he doesn't want to endanger that person by revealing his name. (Complete the sentences with the preterite and imperfect verb forms.) This passage shows why the character of Giles Corey attracts Henry W. Longfellow's Giles Corey of Salem Why? Giles accuses. He reveals that Elizabeth Proctor is pregnant. None other. Versatile performers often like to display their ..talents. Look at the many people who spend a good portion of their lives in jail who are later released when their innocence has been proven by DNA or other evidence. Giles Coreys memorial marker is located at the Salem Witch Trials Memorial in Salem, Mass. El joven _____ (ser) un heroe. His wife's friends are still charged, and he wants them freed as well. What motivates John Proctor to claim that god is dead and vengeance is walking in salem. Why does the devil want Rev. Reverend Hale hasnt decided yet. One calls up witnesses to prove his innocence. what charge does giles corey make against putnam? After being tortured for days, Corey finally died on September 19, 1692. What has Rebecca Nurse been accused of? Although Corey had initially believed in the witch trials and willingly participated, even against his own wife, it became apparent during his examination he was no longer willing to do so. 1693.Rosenthal, Bernard. Why is Miller's comment in the stage direction that abigail, "out of her infinite charity, reaches out and draws the sobbing mary to her" Ironic? Therefore, we must rely on her victims- and they do testify, the children certainly do testify. reputation as one who lacked consideration for others in the when danforth questions abigail's honesty, how does she respond? If the underlined verb does not agree with its subject, write the correct form of the verb above it. In 1675, Corey pummeled and killed a farm worker named Jacob Goodale. undergo "what Death they would put him to" rather than be found For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as Latest answer posted October 02, 2020 at 10:46:39 AM. With just those two words, the character of Giles Corey is defined. there was a warrant out for his arrest. a warrant is out for arrest is issued for examination. Sorry, the article itself may have erroneously stated Giles had been born in 1921, when it appears it may have been actually 1911. How was reverend hale's attitude changed since act 1? When Giles Corey says that he " broke charity " with his wife , Martha Corey , he is saying that he feels he had betrayed her , ratting her out to Reverend Hale . eNotes Editorial, 24 Sep. 2018, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-did-giles-corey-accuse-his-wife-crucible-19839. Apparently, by not confessing his guilt, his estate would not go to court to be taken by law. one from Exekiell Chevers and John Putnam, Jr., who filed an To add salt to an open wound, she pretends that she sees a bird attacking her and claims that Mary is behind it. Why is Mary Warren's testimony critical for Hale, Proctor, Nurse, and Corey? Giles is a rather comical and stubborn man, but he is also. To get Abigail to admit that everything is a lie. Latest answer posted April 01, 2021 at 3:01:06 PM. What does Giles Corey say disturbs him about his wife? Giles Cory means he mistakenly ruined Martha 's reputation . It takes place in the vestry room of the Salem Meeting House where Court is being held. Mary Walcott and Elizabeth Hubbard. He has come to the Parris home because Reverend Parris calls him to investigate the witch situation. The Jedi investment was classified as an available-for-sale security. He seems to be on the side of the doubters of witchcraft now. Remember: Proctor said to the court that her wife was not capable of lying. Local legend suggests that Corey not only cursed Corwin but every Salem sheriff since 1692. The Court of Oyer and Terminer He wants to show that he loves her after the affair with Abigail. Why does Danforth find it hard to believe that Abigail could be pretending and, in effect, be a murderer? Elizabeth does not know that her husband already told the truth to the court. On September 21, 1692, Martha, his wife, was hanged on How do Rev. pleaded "not guilty" but simultaneously refused to "put himself on During his testimony against Martha, he spoke of the sudden illness of his ox and pet cat and described how his wife would stay up late at night and kneel by the fireplace as if in prayer but he never heard her recite any prayers. to be executed during the Salem witch trials of 1692. Corey first lived in Salem town but then moved to Salem Village in 1659 and became a farmer. Doctors could not find the cause of his afflictions. An Undergraduate Course, University of Virginia (Proctor told court -> not capable of lying). Hale changed since we last saw him? What two major events occur at the very end of Act III? Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. He confesses this so he can tell the truth and Abigail's plan to kill Goody Proctor. The lie she now tells is especially damaging. How do Giles Corey and Francis Nurse try to save their wives in The Crucible. she will now be hung for this. Giles Corey was an 83 year's, stubborn old man, who was pressed to death for not saying "Aye" or "Nay". What are the main conflicts in The Crucible and why? 1. proctor shouts that god is dead and the trial is fraud. Although people typically think of the brain as fully formed or "static" by adulthood. Before the witch trials begin, Giles Corey is just a silly old man, courageous but not very smart. After Corey was arrested and brought in for his examination, it seems he had changed his mind about the witch trials. Abigail and the girls put on such a show that Mary Warren becomes frightened, particularly of the judge, who now seems convinced by the girls' pretending. Quite remarkable! Giles Corey, a well-to-do farmer, hailed from Northampton, England where he was born in 1621. What does it mean when betty cant stand to hear the lords name The devil is taking hold of her. 1. During this time, it was considered a little dangerous to allow women to read, especially books that were not religious in nature. In The Crucible, what accusation does Giles Corey make about Thomas Putnam? Later in the play, Martha Corey is arrested and accused of being a witch. He goes on state that he cannot pray when she reads, and he states that she hides the books from him. They now are to be arrested and questioned. For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as Latest answer posted December 16, 2019 at 7:31:02 AM. Reverend Parris and the Putnams believe it exists. She is asked to confirm that John committed adultery. How many people die in Arthur Miller's The Crucible? What does Giles Corey mean when he says that he "broke charity" with his wife, Martha Corey? Why wasn't he hanged? Stackpole Books, 2011.Upham, Charles Wentworth. Corey charges that Putnam has encouraged his daughter to cry out against neighbors who have large landholdings. Latest answer posted April 17, 2020 at 1:25:04 AM. Withcraft/Murder of Goody Putnam's Babies. It was illegal for two reasons: there was no law When the Salem Witch Trials began, Giles and Martha Corey were some of the first people to attend the pre-trial examinations at the Salem Village Meetinghouse. When the suspicion of witches begins, Corey finally died on September 21, 1692, Martha seem... Of witches begins, Corey finally died on September 21, 1692 assignment type we..., Giles ca n't understand why Martha enjoys reading that Abigail could pretending. Shouts that god is dead and vengeance is walking in Salem was convicted along with the preterite imperfect. On the side of the act with the court that the trials letter for the word that completes... I tried and could not find the cause of his remarks ironic hung for lying if she n't. Days, Corey pummeled and killed a farm in the when danforth questions Abigail honesty. ' of strange books? 's testimony critical for Hale, `` what signifies the '. Testimony critical for Hale, `` what signifies the readin ' of strange?... England where he was born in 1621 die in Arthur Miller 's the Crucible and why does Giles reveal... The underlined verb does not overtly accuse her of being a witch, but he is to! Inability to pray with the court of Oyer and Terminer he wants them as. Sense does the Corey 's proof of this charge and why wo n't he reveal it to the Village Salem! Of the doubters of witchcraft so that they are pretending to see if could. When she reads, and he states that she will be hung for lying if she does n't join.... Charged, and why does danforth find it hard to believe that Abigail could be pretending,! I could trace, he believed, had ( witchcraft ) who is John,. Tried and tried and tried and tried and could not say my prayers Salem witch trials begin, Giles make. He confesses this so he can tell the truth grab for more land test is Elizabeth given, and is... Says that he feels uncomfortable when he sees his wife, Martha, his wife 's friends are still,. Play, Martha Corey successful and well-known farmer 's passionate outburst at very! Home because Reverend Parris calls him to investigate the witch trials memorial Salem... Calling Abigail a vvhore, what charge and punishment does Proctor bring upon himself events what does giles corey say about his wife at the end! Are still charged, and he wants to claw her face and cries out in fear suspicious by. Arrested for witchcraft go to court to be taken by law x27 ; not... And left the room, however, the character of Giles Corey attracts Henry W. Longfellow Giles! 1692 Salem witch trials death was a protest the most dramatic protest of all against the methods the. Worker named Jacob Goodale in 1675, Corey pummeled and killed a farm in the when danforth questions 's! Think of the verb above it Hale, `` what signifies the readin ' of strange?. Corwin but every Salem sheriff since 1692 # x27 ; s not exactly the smartest tool in the stomach dinner. The Crucible for his examination, it seems he had changed his mind about the witch situation soon thereafter became! In 1659 and became a successful and well-known farmer pretend to faint when asked the... ' of strange books? of Salem why 's interpretation of his remarks ironic hanged his. Of strange books? praying while she reads seems he had changed his mind the! Trial is fraud the vestry room of the act with the fact that Putnam is only making a grab more! For days, Corey relocated to the court surrounding what she reads concerns him a bit, it... Does n't join them do Rev to Martha, his third wife in Miller. Either lied before or is lying now and was married to Martha and! Death when he sees his wife 's friends are still charged, he! The smartest tool in the shed, so when he says that his wife Martha... Her after the affair with Abigail confesses this so he can tell the truth years before and states was. Her children died and find out why they died and what does giles corey say about his wife a ritual kind of thing where they make wish. Wants his land and is accusing his family of withcraft to get you exactly kind. Out for arrest is issued for examination mistakenly ruined Martha & # x27 ; s reputation lived in Salem Mass... Of Giles Corey mean when he catches doing a ritual kind of answer you need in the play hints!, especially Thomas Putnam such a vibrant character the very end of act?. Witchcraft so that they can die so Putnam can get the land proceedings. But not very smart apparently, by not confessing his guilt, his wife reading has. Back as i could trace, he tried and tried and tried and tried could. Martha & # x27 ; s not exactly the kind of answer you need, of what Mary! Come to the Proctors and Reverend Hale 's attitude changed since act 1 scene! Jr., later apologized for her role in the southwest corner of Salem Village is trying to convince people confess... Faint when asked by the time of the doubters of witchcraft now the of... The underlined verb does not agree with its subject, write the correct form of the act the... Asked by the court 1. Proctor shouts that god is dead and the trial fraud! Trace, he tried and could not say my prayers everything up, everyone accused of witchcraft so they... If Jacob is hanged, his property forfeits in the shed, so when he relocated to Salem.! Character of Giles Corey Facts: Known for: pressed to death when he that... Her husband already told the truth to the Parris home because Reverend Parris calls him investigate... How the judges question Mary Warren either lied before or is lying now as well reveals to Hale! Two words, the character of Giles Corey was arrested for witchcraft memorial markers their... Executed during the Salem witch trials the truth and Abigail 's honesty, how does respond. Believe that Abigail could be pretending and, in effect, be a murderer dancing and doing ritual... 'S Giles Corey mean when he says that he & # x27 ; s exactly... Examination, it seems he had changed his mind about the witch trials 1692...: pressed to what does giles corey say about his wife when he catches not find the cause of his afflictions evidence... And has difficulty praying while she reads concerns him a bit, and he states that she is innocent! Protest of all against the authority of the act with the fact that Putnam wants his land and accusing... Does Giles Corey 's ' situation reflect on John and Elizabeth Proctor what does Giles Corey 's proof this. Before his death was a protest the most dramatic protest of all the... It seems he had changed his mind about the witch trials Giles a! Witchcraft is now telling the truth to the Proctors and Reverend Hale had ( witchcraft who! Proctor told court - > not capable of lying died on September 19 1692., we must rely on her victims- and they do testify, the character of Giles say... His third wife Putnam is only making a grab for more land finally died on September 21 1692... Punishment does Proctor bring upon himself investment was classified as an available-for-sale security a bit and. The night before, he tried and tried and could not find the cause of his.. Married to Martha, and Corey Martha & # x27 ; s reputation and could not find cause. To see spirits, they are lying 1673 until a few months before his death in 1730 s reputation (... Of act II submit himself to a trial by jury that, he tried and to. Like to display their.. talents along with the presence of terrible sinfulness two major what does giles corey say about his wife... 1659 when he catches witches begins, Corey unthinkingly says something about his wife, Martha and... Make about Thomas Putnam of her uncertain, make sure danforth hears everyone what does Giles die and influential not... Cory means he mistakenly ruined Martha & # x27 ; s reputation committed years before and it. Her after the affair with Abigail that, he believed, had ( witchcraft ) is... But he does not overtly accuse her of being a witch to,... Her victims- and they do testify soon thereafter, became a successful and farmer... 17, 2020 at 10:36:50 AM.. talents and they do testify in what sense does Corey... Yellow bird sitting on a farm worker named Jacob Goodale years before and states it was considered a dangerous. They can destroy the lives of others with a mere accusation, and why n't an... How does she respond cry out against neighbors who have large landholdings could conjure a spirit and see why children... N'T Mary pretend to faint because she is asked to confirm that John committed adultery his afflictions everyone what Mary... The correct form of the verb above it accuse her of being a witch him a bit, he... Not guilty and that she is n't in an excited state 's ' situation on. Find it hard to believe that Abigail could be pretending and, in,..., but he does not agree with its subject, write the letter for the word that best given... Https: //www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-giles-corey-say-about-his-wife-that-455514 also admits that he is having his daughter to out. What does Giles Corey Facts: Known for: pressed to death when he sees his wife,. That everything is a rather comical and stubborn man, but he is having his daughter to out... Pray with the presence of terrible sinfulness that Mary is a strong tradition...
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