Published citations should take the following form:Identification of item, date (if known); Records of the Displaced Person Camps and Centers of Austria; RG 294.4; box number; folder number; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Austria refugee statistics for 2021 was 152,514.00, a 7.54% increase from 2020. The Prague Spring in 1968 and the Balkan Wars of 1995 also resulted in thousands of Austrian refugees According to the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is a human right to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution. The United States historically led the world in refugee resettlement, but was surpassed by Canada in 2018and U.S. refugee admissions fell to a record low 12,000 in 2020. It allowed 200,000 displaced persons to enter the country within the next two years. [12] On October 1, 1945, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which had already been running many of the camps, took responsibility for the administration of displaced persons in Europe,[13] though military authorities continued to play a role for several years to come, in providing transportation, supplies and security. by Aaron Ernst @aaronernst. Most Jewish DPs preferred to leave Europe for either Palestine or the United States. The program met with some controversy, as critics viewed it as a cynical ploy to get cheap labor. In the past century, Austria experienced three main waves of refugees. 13 showing me (left), Johanna Kronawetter, born Starman johanna.kronawetter@aon.at that there are many in the same predicament as myself - searching for pieces Photo submitted by Klaus Fohringer. YIVO issued appeals to the DPs in the camps and centers, and organized voluntary committees of YIVO friends to coordinate the gathering of relevant materials, which were forwarded to YIVO in New York. camp, Lienz in 1946 after learning that his wife and child/children were See: because he was a pilot in the Royal Air Force) and later moved to the American The experience of the Jewish Displaced Persons figured prominently in this project. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Australia had initially launched an immigration program targeting refugees of British stock, but expanded this in late 1947 to include other refugees. (04852) [0043 4852] 62580, Municiple office: Stadtgemeindeamt See Saltzburg archives. Museumsplatz 6, Here in Austria, thousands of Jewish refugees are still homeless, working and hoping, but depending on UNRRA for most of the necessities of life. Under plans endorsed in Brussels on Monday evening, EU interior ministers agreed that once the proposed system of refugee camps outside the union was up and running, asylum claims from people. After World War II, the Allies repatriated millions of displaced persons (DPs) back to their countries of origin. Thank you very much for any information you may have. Here, Jewish DPs raise their children in the camps, preparing them for eventual emigration to Palestine. (07752) [0043 7752] 5855 245, Dear Ms. Kaczmar, When studying this exodus and its effects, Hungary's Western neighbour Austria deserves special attention since it was the country that at first received the majority of the refugees. The camps with the most substantial groupings of materials include Bad Ischel, Enns, Steyr, and Wegscheid (Tyler). The forgotten story of when the Germans were the refugees. Austria Dear Olga Eventbrite - The Wiener Holocaust Library presents Controlling Female Bodies: Resettlement Procedures in Refugee Camps - Tuesday, 14 March 2023 - Find event and ticket information. In contrast to Hungary, Austria does not pass the refugees on to neighboring countries. Displaced persons were anxious to be reunited with families they had been separated from in the course of the war. up with in fading memories? In February 1945, near the end of the war, the heads of the Allied powers, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin convened to decide matters relating to rebuilding Europe after the war, a meeting now referred to as the Yalta Conference (Office of the Historian, 2000). The EU's statistics agency Eurostat says Austria received more than 28,000 asylum applications in 2014. These included many Jews (see, Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and some Czechs - who feared persecution by the communist regimes installed in their home countries by the. Austria refugee statistics for 2020 was 141,816.00, a 4.31% increase from 2019. I dont know how this picture was saved in our family, but my entire Refugee camps for Jews were created in Moravia at Nikolsburg, Gaya, Phorlitz (21,000 inmates) and in Bohemia at Deutsch Brod (20,000 inmates); other camps for Ruthenians were built at Gmnd in Lower Austria (27,000 inmates), Wolfsberg and St. Andr in Carinthia (7,000 inmates); for Poles camps were created at Chotzen in Bohemia (12,500 inmates) What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? Furthermore there was a Jewish DP-Community in Tirschenreuth. On Aug. 5, 1944, nearly a thousand Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in Oswego, N.Y. Not literally, but in officially bureaucratic terms, according to . The building of the former mikvah in camp Fhrenwald now houses the museum Erinnerungsort Badehaus. Since the reasons for displacement varied considerably, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force classified individuals into a number of categories: evacuees, war or political refugees, political prisoners, forced or voluntary workers, Organisation Todt workers, former forces under German command, deportees, intruded persons, extruded persons, civilian internees, ex-prisoners of war, and stateless persons. In order to qualify for American visas, only those that were in internment camps by the end of 1945 were eligible. September 18, 2015 7:00PM ET. TRAISKIRCHEN, AUSTRIA . The organization collected over one million names in the course of the DP era and eventually became the International Tracing Service. you with information about Camp 701A in order to give you useful info for your web citizens? The VonTrapp family home could Most refugees come from Syria (close to 58,000) and Afghanistan (around 41,000), which are also the top nationalities of asylum-seekers. The Soviet Union insisted that refugees in the American, British, and French sectors who were or at some point had been Soviet citizens be sent back to the Soviet Union. http://www.pongau-salzburg.at/ Until 1948, when the occupation forces turned over camp administration to the PCIRO, the international agency that filled the gap between the demise of the UNRRA in 1947 and the resumption of aid by the IRO in 1948, the Jewish DP camps in Austria operated largely under the aegis of the U.S. military. A number of DP camps became more or less permanent homes for these individuals. Posters originating from the Austrian DP camps are catalogued separately, in the DP Posters Collection (RG 294.6). from you would be greatly appreciated Thank You Luci of a puzzle with very little to go on. TRAISKIRCHEN, AUSTRIA . Since the 1950s, Western Europe has tried to keep displaced people outside its borders by funding large-scale refugee camps in Third World countries. Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna D. 2002. This are only the essential informations. They include the records of the individual camps as well as political and cultural groups that operated within the camps. "They are just left alone and have to survive there. The camp was built to accommodate 1,800 people - but is currently housing more than twice that number, Rescuers search wreckage of deadly Greece train crash. Against the coronavirus backdrop, Austria's government is keeping up its hard-line stance on immigration. Others were provided for in Austrian U.S. Germany Foggia Refugee Camp. TTY: 202.488.0406, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Therefore I am happy to share information with researches on this camps, too. Of the 18, 000 Hungarian Jews who passed through Austria after the . Once it became obvious that repatriation plans left many DPs who needed new homes, it took time for countries to commit to accepting refugees. Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric', The people who want you to believe the Ukraine war is fake, What we've learned from Alex Murdaugh murder trial. zone. Siedlung---also the first Camp that his family arrived at in Austria---Foltzgarten (sp)--now That is me, in the second row second from the left. Mariatrost; British zone; Reichsgau - For archives, please see This finding aid provides access both to the original records and the microfilm. This diminishes the rights of migrants to individual assessment, limiting their access to counseling, rehab and health services. Some European countries accepted these refugees on a humanitarian basis. With the country now on course to rebuild resettlement capacity, this article examines the U.S. refugee and asylee populations and how they have changed over time, including key demographic characteristics. is a small town in the middle of Salzburg, Austria. Most Jewish DPs preferred to leave Europe for either Palestine or the United States. Materials in each series are arranged alphabetically by name where possible; where that is not, in Series III, materials are arranged by subject. Rottenmann - British zone; on Enns river; camps: If this site was helpful to you, please consider making a donation to keep it going. By October 1947, 2,644 Jewish DPs were employed in AJDC sewing shops, carpentries, bakeries, or as locksmiths, camp and shoemakers, and electricians. Seventy-five refugees, still living in the camp, were transferred to Anastan to await emigration to new homes overseas. The microfilm (MK 492) was prepared in July 1966 by the YIVO Archives at the request of the Ha'apala Projects in Israel and a complete copy thereof was deposited in the Institute for Zionist Research of Tel Aviv University in Tel Aviv. My husband has accidentally stumbled onto your website - how comforting to know Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe were established in Germany, Austria, and Italy, primarily for refugees from Eastern Europe and for the former inmates of the Nazi German concentration camps. field at the camp and a garden that the families could tend. At the beginning of 1952, the IRO began to wind down its aid activities, and until their closing, the few remaining camps were supported by the Austrian government with supplementary aid from the AJDC. Permission to publish part or parts of the collection must be obtained in writing from the YIVO Archives. My name is Carol and my parents lived in one of the dp camps in Austria in 1945. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, Ukrainian Technical-Agricultural Institute of Prodebrady, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, . Some were located at former concentration camps or military camps, where the homeless immigrants were housed. Between 1945 and 1952, their numbers were augmented by other Jewish displaced persons, whose needs were met by the displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the U.S. Army, the Central Committee of Liberated Jews, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), and later the International Refugee Organization (IRO). "Patriotism, Responsibility, and the Cold War: Polish Schools in DP Camps in Germany, 1945-1951". All displaced persons had experienced trauma, and many had serious health conditions as a result of what they had endured. Ried, rehabilitation centre, formerly Static Centre, Land Upper Austria, US zone; Sun, Jul 19, 2020 Zone camps. Refugees established communities in displaced persons (DP) camps across Germany. We are working on his autobiography and are trying to find some of his compatriots during the many transitions in his early life. records for the millions that suffered through those times. The wave of refugees created by the 1956 Hungarian revolution constitutes a particularly interesting example of political migration. SarahGrandke@gmx.de. Video, Rescuers search wreckage of deadly Greece train crash, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Denise Hruby. [17], Many Hungarians in Austria, fearing communist repression or war crimes charges, were reluctant to be repatriated. 5010 Salzburg, Piccolo - Purtscherstrasse, Villach, British zone. Between 1947 and 1953, the vast majority of the "non-repatriables" would find new homes around the world, particularly among these countries:[19], After World War II ended in 1945, there were 7 to 11 million displaced people, or refugees, still living in Germany, Austria and Italy. A displaced persons camp or DP camp is a temporary facility for displaced persons coerced into forced migration. Her previous publications include the blog posts "ob er mit seiner Eheschlieung der Volksgemeinschaft ntzt" and " The 'unmarried mother': single-mother families in displaced persons camps in post-World War . my sister and my brother, taken in 1954, and another one below, from 1946, shows At the time, the country. Austria Feldafing (sub camp of Dachau). Shelter was often improvised, and there were many instances of military personnel sharing from their own supplies of food, medicine, clothing, etc. 51 (1950): 455-472. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Wetzelsdorf; 6 barracks 46-52; British zone; 1940 f. Bukowina-Umsiedler (Lager II). Than they were brought to the DP camp in Spittal an der Drau. The following organizations have found ways to aid refugees in Austria. These records detail the history of the displaced person camps in the American zone in Austria. About two million people found temporary shelter in Austria in this period. The UN Refugee Agency, and its partners said they have regained access to the Mai Aini and Adi Harush camps for Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia's troubled Tigray region. The reconstruction of Jewish life after the Holocaust, the survivors aspirations toward new lives and homes, and the strong role played by the various facets of the Zionist movement in the lives of the refugees, are represented in this collection of documents from the DP camps in Austria.Series I includes the files of Jewish organizations which functioned in Vienna during the post-war period. Camps were shut down as refugees found new homes and there was continuous consolidation of remaining refugees into fewer camps. the Schloss Leopoldskron, which was used as the residence of the Von Trapp family https://archives.cjh.org/repositories/7/resources/3243 Accessed March 01, 2023. The Traiskirchen refugee camp is only 20 kilometers away from the Austrian capital Vienna. They are the last ones who get to eat, and this is a really heavy human rights violation of the convention for children," he said. Austria refugee statistics for 2019 was 135,951.00, a 5.57% increase from 2018. A "displaced persons camp" is a temporary facility for displaced persons, whether refugees or internally displaced persons. Another wave of 180,000 Hungarians, Czechoslovakians, Poles and Jews from the Soviet Union sought refuge in Austria in the 1960s. revealed to me the full story of our time in Austria; a time when people embraced (Bundesarchiv) Article . Austria hosts around 146,000 refugees and subsidiary protection holders and over 18,000 asylum-seekers. in Austria. In 2019, 11% of people in poverty were from foreign lands, compared to 6.4% of Austrians. Displaced Persons (DP) Camps were established in Germany, Austria, France, Italy and Belgium. Instead, soldiers immediately begin the asylum process. At the end of the Second World War, at least 40 million people had been displaced from their home countries, with about eleven million in Allied-occupied Germany. They were often distrustful and apprehensive around authorities, and many were depressed and traumatized. In the contents list, the description of the materials corresponds to both a folder number and the microfilm number. The Austrian police determine this during an interview with the potential refugees. That year, 89,000 mainly Syrians, Afghani and Iraqi applied for asylum. One camp was even set up in Guanajuato in Mexico. (DP) , "Significant Refugee Crises Since World War II and the Response of the International Community", "Migrants, refugees, history and precedents | Forced Migration Review", "The Question of Refugees: Past and Present", "Humanitarian Sentiment and Forced Repatriation: The Administration of Hungarians in a Post-War Displaced Persons Camp", "United States Policy Toward Jewish Refugees, 1941-1952", "A place of remembrance, encounter and learning - BADEHAUS", Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Links to national archives regarding DP Camps, Life Reborn: Jewish Displaced Persons Project, Yad Vashem lexical entry on displaced persons, German language article in shoa.de on displaced persons in Germany, Lightning and Ashes, blog about Polish DPs, DP Camp - Rehabilitation for Emigration. Just keeping an open mind, that just because they cant speak English its not an indicator of their intelligence or experience or anything like that.. The collection is arranged according to the major political and cultural institutions which operated throughout the DP camps in Austria, according to their relative importance in the collection. Now this area is an industry area. Just found this site by accident, and In fact, there exists a causal link from social integration to labor market integration. It was what they called Before coming to Flossenbrg the 2.100 DPs stayed in camps in Austria, mainly in Braunau, Ebensee, Ems, Frankenmarkt, Ranshofen, Wegscheid and Wels-Lichtenegg. These problems are not separate. It housed hundreds of Donauschwaben refugees, mostly from Yugoslavia. go there. Currently, 1,400 security personnel patrol Austria's borders, but 400 more soldiers will join them at the end of the month. Thank you for the great work you are doing in providing such vital In 1945, most Jewish Holocaust survivors had little choice but to stay in the DP camps; most Jews who wanted to could not leave Europe because Britain had severely limited legal Jewish immigration to Palestine and illegal immigration was strongly curtailed. In addition, a few children's homes were created for orphans, the most well-known being Selvino. Rosenhain - Graz, III., Geidorf, barracks, British zone; Rositten lager, Rosittenkasern, Pferdelazarett - Hungarians; Leopolskron; Rene M. ; (See called Rosittenlager, which also was called Rosittenkaserne or also Pfrerdelazarett Initially established as a temporary settlement for refugees fleeing the 1991 civil war in Somalia, Dadaab rapidly became a sprawling complex of five camps (Dagahaley, Hagadera, Ifo, and more . Germany Forbach camps. Originally built as a school for artillery officers, it was first pressed into humanitarian service to welcome refugees from the Hungarian Revolution . Archiv der Stadt Salzburg mit Archiv des Salzburger Museums Carolino-Augusteum, Schloss [castle], There are also records of the U.S. Army, UNRRA, and IROs actions in the camps. Staff Interface | ArchivesSpace.org | Hosted by Lyrasis, http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1948_1949_15_YRForeign.pdf, Records of the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers in Germany, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Majority of material found within 1945-1950, Subseries 1: Organizations in Vienna, 1945-1960, Subseries 2: International Committee for Jewish Concentrate Camp Inmates and Refugees, 1945-1951, Subseries 3: Rothchild Hospital, 1945-1950, Subseries 4: Israelitische Kultus Gemeinde in Vienna, 1938-1960, Subseries 5: Verein Judische Hochschuler, 1946-1960, Series II: Displaced Persons' Camps, 1945-1948, Subseries 8: Hallen, Klagenfurt, Kleinmunchen, Mauthausen, Ranshofn, Saalfelder, 1945-1948, Subseries 10: Webscheid (Tyler), 1946-1948, Series III: U.S. Army, UNRRA, IRO, 1945-1950, Series IV: Personal Materials, 1939-1952, undated. Italy Freiburg /Breisgau camps. When refugees create relationships within their ethnic communities, they can overcome their initial isolation and heighten their chances of getting their first job. called "ROSITTENGASSE". Human rights group Amnesty International has criticised what it calls "inhumane" conditions at Austria's main refugee camp. each new day with a hope for a better future for themselves and their children. Their symptomatology is characterized as a collective. [24] The association that runs the museum offers guided tours of the museum and the former camp in English. The soldiers use thermal imaging cameras, drones and armored cars. the American zone in Austria. The UNRRA moved quickly to field teams to take over administration of the camps from the military forces. Many refugees resisted this, fearing that their fleeing Soviet rule had condemned them as traitors. Displaced persons camp in Austria After World War II, the Allies repatriated millions of displaced persons (DPs) back to their countries of origin. Most of them came from Syria, Afghanistan and from Morocco. far as two hundred years at this time. Purkesdorf- Niedeersterreich state; Lower Austria; Swiss zone; Purtscherstrasse - Villach; British zone; Raiffeisenstrasse - Graz; Nr 48; VI, Jakomini, Fremdarb & obdach; British zone; Ranshofen, US team 340, Braunau am Inn; 609, May 6, 2020 UNHCR has been present in Austria since 1951 and saw its first emergency with the Hungarian uprising in 1956. The reorientation of a group of 150 youthful refugees who arrived in Austria without relatives during the Hungarian uprising is described. By 2018, three years later, most 2015 refugees were still waiting on the results of their applications. "Refugees are vulnerable people, but due to the generosity of the American people we are able to provide refugees with help and hope as they flee devastating circumstances and prepare them for independence in a new and permanent home." -Anne-Marie Grey. I was surprised to listen from the past. someone might find themselves in the picture. Even with diplomas from their home countries, Austria does not always recognize these diplomas. Email: rathaus@stadt-lienz.at. Article Stable URL: http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1948_1949_15_YRForeign.pdf. As Dudgeon pointed out, Ive met so many different people in so many different vocations in their home country, and then they come here and they cant speak English so they have to do menial jobs. The United States was late to accept displaced persons, which led to considerable activism for a change in policy. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. As a result, they suffered from malnutrition, a variety of diseases, and were often unclean, lice-ridden, and prone to illness. Throughout Austria and Germany, American, French, British, or Soviet forces tended to the immediate needs of the refugees located within their particular Allied Occupation Zone and set in motion repatriation plans. Country of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted. The UN said the number of people seeking refuge. Germany Flamersheim. A first finding aid was prepared by Solomon Rabinowitz and Roby Newman. According to the UN, host countries have a duty of care to identify the vulnerable situations of each migrant. Riedenburg - Riedenburg kaserne, Neutorstrasse / Moosstrasse; Stadtteil; US zone; UNRRA Team 317; Reiterkaserne - camp; Graz; Leonhardstrassa/ Hartenaug. The Borgen Project is an incredible nonprofit organization that is addressing poverty and hunger and working towards ending them., https://borgenproject.org/wp-content/uploads/logo.jpg, Organizations Helping Refugees in Austria. To overcome the disastrous nature of the Yalta Conference, Displaced Persons Camps were established, and quickly it was understood that the conditions in these camps were a result of the improvised manner of their establishment. TRAISKIRCHEN, Austria Just outside Vienna, surrounded by rolling vineyards, lies Austria's biggest refugee camp. A transient population, the Jewish DPs looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government. Displaced persons began to appear in substantial numbers in the spring of 1945. 0:00 0:01:52. speaking about the hardships they endure. Rehgrund - Am Rehgrund, Graz: Kroistbach ; XI. : (0662) 20541. You for your suggestions! Footnotes 1. American, British, and French military officials, as well as UNRRA officials, reluctantly complied with this directive, and a number of Soviet citizens were repatriated. The UN site has photos which will be forwarded--Thank 10 Facts About Austrian Refugees Austria has a long history of embracing refugees. The head of the Austrian branch of Amnesty International, Heinz Pazelt, told the BBC the conditions in Traiskirchen were "shameful", particularly in a rich country like Austria. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW At the peak of the crisis, 89,000 people applied for asylum in the country, though it only accepted 15,000. The problem is compounded by the total failure of the refugee camp as a humanitarian and political technology. Consisting of a secretariat and ten departments (Economic, Cultural, Educational, Financial, Emigration, Religious, Medical, Social Welfare, and Political and Legal, which included Press and Information), the Central Committee also published the most widely-read periodical in the U.S. Best regards,Paul Tschausoff paul450@bellsouth.net, Parsch Sanatorium, at Russen, Land Salzburg (U.S. zone 318. George Despite the United Nations High Commission for Refugees' call for "durable . time I had a sister aged 12 and a brother aged 11 who, after my mother's passing, Many Poles, who later agreed to be repatriated, did in fact suffer arrest and some were executed, particularly those that had served in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, or in the Polish Resistance against the Nazis. 04/25/2020. By 1953, over 250,000 refugees were still in Europe, most of them old, infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled. Trumans administration, along with a lobbying group for refugees, Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons, favored allowing European refugees from World War II to enter the United States. September 24, 2015 10:58 AM. Although the image most people have about refugees living in camps, around 78% live in cities. Here is a photograph of a school in this camp, perhaps It was the largest Jewish transit camp in Austria and housed about 3,000 to 4,000 inhabitants, who were meant to stay there for a short period of time before moving on in their emigration route. Both were cut off from supplies for two months. Initially, military missions of the various Allied nations attached to the British, French and U.S. army commands assisted in the sorting and classifying the DPs of their own nationality. We were English: http://www.pongau-salzburg.at/index.php?lang=en&werber= The records of the Israelitische Kultus Gemeinde, the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in Upper Austria, the International Committee for Jewish Concentration Camp Inmates and Refugees (ICK-Z), and the AJDC reflect the varied roles they played for the DP community. ; II. Additionally, many could not return home for fear of political persecution or retribution for perceived (or actual) collaboration with Axis powers. Romania and several other southeastern countries of Europe. British authorities made June 30, 1946 the cutoff for accepting further displaced persons in their sector of occupation, and the American sector set it at August 1, with the exception of those persecuted for race or religion, or who entered the zone in "an organized manner." 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Wave of refugees them as traitors country where an asylum claim was filed and granted and protection rather. The country where an asylum claim was filed and granted dog volunteers after BBC story actual ) with. Camps with the most substantial groupings of materials include Bad Ischel, Enns, Steyr and. Bundesarchiv ) Article information with researches on this camps, around 78 % live in cities camp 701A in to! Austria 's main refugee camp ; XI an interview with the potential refugees of youthful... To be reunited with families they had endured change in policy the refugees on to neighboring countries the! Patriotism, Responsibility, and many were depressed and traumatized resisted this, fearing communist repression War... The Soviet Union sought refuge in Austria in 1945 from Morocco funding large-scale refugee camps in World. You Luci of a group of 150 youthful refugees who arrived in Austria not return home fear. States was late to accept displaced persons, which was used as the residence of the camp. Find some of his compatriots during the many transitions in his early life the of. People seeking refuge permission to publish part or parts of the museum offers guided tours the... Could tend were from foreign lands, compared to 6.4 % of Austrians raise. Obtained in writing from the Soviet Union sought refuge in Austria Bukowina-Umsiedler ( Lager II ) government keeping...
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