Also, pets could be accidentally injured in the process of using these traps. If you see a pair or group of coyotes or have had multiple sightings, it is a good idea to call animal control. I have an article that discusses those concepts which I posted on another site but which is a little too far afield for posting here. -if you have a real issue with coyotes, consider laying snap traps out at night or actually go out hunting (if allowed to in your area). 7. Many people who live in the countryside will have a gun and will be familiar with how to use it, but shooting a coyote should really only be done by an expert marksman. Out West, daytime calling is best. Dec 22, 2011. I am hoping that actual results of using the coyote treat can be determined and verified either for success or failure. There are other ways of handling the problem without lowering yourself to that level. A couple of bucks per coyote is a great deal. Just might consider the nite hunting after deer season,thanks for the offer. Professional fur trappers do have other means to kill their catches without too much blood too. Fencing Option Although this option can change your landscape dramatically, many people find fencing a great solution to keep coyotes out. well, i've seenon more than one occasionwhere a yote' had digested aluminum foil, and passed it. Remove brush piles from around your yard because these hideouts will make your property more desirable to coyotes. During a full moon I hunt during the day because I have found that prey animals seem to be more active during the day time hours. They really are. Coyotes can jump over 6 feet high and they don't need to dig under a fence because their front paws act as shovels. This means if you click and buy, I might make a commission at no cost to you. Set Your Trap for Coyotes. In other areas of the country, they may not have any laws allowing their extermination. Gun - an effective and fast weapon. The fence needs to be sturdy and tall enough that they cant jump out. This post contains Affiliate Links. Clean your trap to ensure no human smell remains on them. Coyotes gulp the food down. There are many different methods that can be used to kill coyotes, but one of the most popular is to use a lethal body grip trap. It's easy to install and requires no wiring, so it can be set up in minutes. A lot of times, a young pup isn't going to run into another pack sound or a challenge howl of, another coyote. Its when youll hear them cryingtesting the waters to see if they can tip toe onto your property. It's a great curiosity; it's not just the food.". When extermination isnt an option, other more humane preventatives are possible. Petersen's HUNTING Publisher, Kevin Steele is in the CZ booth with Dylan Rice at SHOT Show to talk about CZ 600 Series Trail rifle. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Here's some great safe pressure canning tips for beginning home canners. I am here to encourage and inspire you to figure out what you want and live your best life! For security, we tied one or two strands of barbed wire on top of the woven wire.Electric fences really wont keep coyotes out. When the dying rabbit is no longer getting it done, it's time to branch out. I am able to offer different cadences, frequencies, and volumes to trigger a response. This thread is amazing, there are recommendations from things that don't work to things that are illegal and shows how much most don't know about this animal. I am not doing this myself but am watching the experiment with interest. They were usin` eggs instead of foam. Coyotes and coyote sign will come and go on a property. eating. He has some definite opinions on what works and what doesn't. JavaScript is disabled. Should pull them pretty easy within range if you are seeing them this much. Why are coyotes so attracted to human settlements? The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. - Ronald Reagan. ", Eichler has had good luck using calls that mimic animals that coyotes commonly prey upon in specific areas, such as calf bleats, fawn bleats, and puppy yelps. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. "In areas where they've been pressured, I've had success with the calf bleats. The people doing that are asking for big heavy-duty fines and bad publicity that will not endbesides it spilling over and tainting true outdoorsmen, just by association with hunting. Challenge, locate, invite, mating, and distress calls are all great alternatives to that call you've been using without success. Finally, you can clean out your vacuum cleaner. A fox or coyote is a small target (theres only a 3- to 5-inch margin for error) that require precise shots. I shoot every yote I see but wont be torturing them. 3. There is, however, a law against shooting coyotes from helicopters. Donkey brays really do keep coyotes away. However, if this is happening in your yard or neighborhood then you might want them on guard for any unknown visitors - who knows what those creatures could bring with them . i agree with firecloud.better to do something than nothingnot only can it help out us but also the surrounding properties..dont have time for traps, dont have time to hunt them.but do have time to put sponges out.the deer and other eatable animals are not gonna eat the sponges so it aint hurting anything Or you could let some coyote hunters have the run of the place during the summer. Poisons cause death that is unnecessarily drawn out and painful. "Patience is also really important, most guys way overcall. I know youve been looking for answers and youre going to find them here today.In this post, I will share: How to Get Rid of Coyotes On Your Property for Good. 17+ methods and tactics to use thats more than just killing coyotes. Some interesting facts about coyotes that will help you catch them. Thanks for all the input and suggestions.Keep it coming.How big a sponge do you use normally? Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service. Once it detects motion, it will spray water for approximately 5 seconds. As predator hunting is really gaining in popularity, a coyote's education level is soaring exponentially. Need coyote removal in your hometown? We're using vocalization to defeat that educated coyote, so we need to be careful not to add another call to his list of human tricks. We consider the different ways of killing coyotes and specify the peculiarities of the different methods below. It may not display this or other websites correctly. CA. I agree with what the others have posted. The easiest way would be with an animal trap that snaps on their leg, but you can also use a live trap, but this is less common. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Place the trap 2 to 3 inches (5.1 to 7.6 cm) from the hole so you can determine how large to dig the trap's bed. Too much vocalization in too small an area is a good way to tip-off a coyote as to what you're up to. Starting to hear them suckers every morning again and want to get rid of them. Here are 5 steps on how to get rid of coyotes humanely, which will allow you to maintain your yard and keep these pesky animals away. Nuisance critters fall into that category. If you have coyote problems and really feel at risk, please contact your local authorities for advice on how best to deal with it. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Kali Parmley of Gun Dog Magazine talks to George Thompson from Benelli USA about the new features from the Benelli line in 2023. Coyotes are territorial animals which means only one coyote usually establishes a territory in an area. Here are some steps to potato prep before you plant your spuds into the ground. The sprinkler system was designed to protect your yard and property all year long. If I remember right, folks do that hoping to create an intestinal obstruction? Dont be afraid to play sounds a predator has never heard before either. Information about how to keep coyotes away - prevention techniques. listed in over 500 cites and towns, who can properly help you kill your nuisance coyote. STEP 1. YES it will kill them dead! Although many regions across the USA do allow you to kill these pests, you do not have blanket permission to do so in any way you see fit. It will give you the best chance to call in a predator. "Coyotes have no fear of . Coyotes are naturally shy animals but when their natural habitats have been destroyed, it follows that they scour the landscape for food and a place to live. All of these have proven to be effective so you can test them for yourself and see if they will work for you. STEP 3. ", When it comes to vocalization, Eichler uses those calls more sparingly than Zepp and uses them more seasonally. How To Kill A Coyote Find someone by asking around Thats always the best way. Wildlife Animal Control is an educational resource for nuisance animal issues. So, it is legal to actually kill a coyote? Donkeys: My grandma used to have a donkey who protected her ducks. - Humane Wildlife Removal, Can a coyote be a good pet? If they feel that way, then they'll leave and never come back. which i doubt it would be successful. Never use poison on coyotes. When it comes to their control, some coyote control methods will help you keep your backyard coyote-free. the results would be just about the same. spray bottle and a 1-gallon size. Coyotes, foxes, and bobcats are all cautious critters, and that caution only increases when they are hunted hard (if you have ever pursued any of these predators when they have been pressured, you know how difficult it can be). Now that is extreme pest control. He spends a lot of time in the woods chasing predators and a lot of time filming their behavior. As social animals, coyotes react to a far wider spectrum of sounds than dying animal noises. from coyote attacks. When Eichler shuts the call off, the coyotes stop instantly. Coyotes are becoming a more and more common sight, even on our residential American streets. The man next door had his son trap 96 of them 2 years ago on a tract of land about 450 acres. It is activated by movement, deterring coyotes that come into the area. This method works and should be repeated every 4 to . View More: https://howardcommunications.pass.us/hcphotolibrary. Sniper rifle - as in the case of the bow, one accurate shot in the head will kill the animal instantly. I believe you can live and work the way you want to without the worry, fear and overwhelm. - Humane Wildlife Removal, How to prevent coyotes - Humane Wildlife Removal, Where do coyotes reside?- Humane Wildlife Removal, What diseases do coyotes carry? on those occasions where the coyotes come close to domestic properties. Pick a rifle/load combo you're comfortable with and stick to it. Just stay inside if you can and make the noise through an open window or screen door. If I get one, I wait until they stop howling. Almost every coyote that lives in a rural or semirural area where there's a few cows around knows that calf bleat sound. Hunting laws arent always that clear. A coyote has no idea that we do not have jackrabbits here in Pennsylvania, but that doesnt stop me from playing a jackrabbit distress call (its worked for me a ton). It is noteworthy that the use of these traps may require direct contact with live animals. Coyote repelling is a long-term solution to your coyote problems. Finally, theres ALWAYS guys wanting to call and hunt coyotes. How to Pressure Can Carrots Easily and Safely, How to Use Your Loneliness to Actually Help You Win. Another problem with using poison is that the pain and discomfort of the slow death delivered by poison can make a coyote wild with pain, and if they do encounter people or other animals in this period then they can cause serious damage. Coyotes can be a nightmare for agricultural producers, farmers, and even residential property owners. The logic behind the use of M44 is that when it is triggered, it will release the poisonous chemical into the mouth of the coyote and cause its death. Do you use a whole sponge or do you cut it up? Another option for those who want to get rid of a coyote is to use a live trap and then to remove the animal. The second option, if youre not willing to kill the coyote, is to release it somewhere else. The biggest mistakes many people make when running a light or scanning with a thermal is they stop to take a break, or turn the light off (you cant shoot what you cant see). Feed pets indoors, and make sure pet food is never left outside. I'd rather appeal to every coyote as opposed to just a large male or dogs that are more dominant. That's not cool. This is why you should read the rest of this article to find out more about your own individual case. He landed in Tucson for a while before migrating back to the nation's center to live, work, and raise a family. Coyote eradication becomes easy with the following deterrents: Nite Guard Solar helps to protect your pets, turkeys, chicken coops, etc. It has seemed to keep coyotes away from there and kept my babies safe. It is noteworthy that the use of snares can be described as an inhumane measure for getting rid of the critters. This is one of the MOST SIMPLE and MOST EFFECTIVE way to catch a lot of canines! I guess I would have made a good operative for Blackwater or the CIA for "waterboarding" terrorist suspects. Don't take as long as you would think either. Add a sheet of crumpled wax paper to the top of the trap, then slowly sift more dirt onto the top. Do not touch them and place in freezer to harden. Place in freezer to harden and be sure you wear rubber gloves to have no human scent on it. This is why many people who have coyote problems can have success by simply keeping their garbage in the garage or shed. The critters are regarded as some of the most destructive pests by farmers and property owners. This makes them quite easy to control. I thought for sure that we wouldn't see a thing, but I was wrong. When shooting coyotes is allowed in an area, it is an effective way to reduce the population of coyotes in a heavily populated area. Make sure all doors are closed and locked at all times. Night hunting has always been one of my favorite ways to call coyotes and fox. Predators will come to the call quickly, so it is imperative to constantly be searching, scanning, and looking for incoming targets. There are two main options to remove a coyote from a trap, and they depend on what you plan to do with the animal next. everytime i am at the farm in ms.every single night i hear alot of coyotesi saw 4 coyotes during the day while on the tractor doing foodplots a while back..someone i know who hunts in la said the game wardens TOLD THEM to do the sponge thing to kill the coyotesthats y i was asking. "With a mouth call, I'll call for maybe two minutes and then sit for five. Don't forget. Coyotes are a canine species that can often prove to be very cute, but fully grown adults can also pose a threat to people and to domestic animals (read Are coyotes dangerous to pets?) All Petersen's Hunting subscribers now have digital access to their magazine content. "There is only one thing that endures, and that is character ". "With the advent of inexpensive and good electronic calls, lots of hunters are in the predator game," Zepp said. If you live in a city environment its more than likely that you wont be able to shoot a coyote, so youll need to employ other means. Subscriber Services. From my experience, the lonely howl, pup yips, Ki-Yi [injured coyote] they all work really well any time of year. if that happened to my dog the sponge guy would turn into sponge bob. With abundant huntable coyote populations across the country and electronic calls within the budget of just about anyone, predator hunting is as popular as it has ever been. Shooting is a great of killing coyotes, just like any other animal. I believe that rice would work the same way as a sponge. They're younger and not as educated, and they aren't really going to come into a challenge howl because they're gonna get their ass kicked. The first step to getting rid of coyotes is removing food attractants from your yard. I look for elevated vantage points and keep the wind direction in my favor. If the bacon grease has any salt in it, deer might even eat it. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. I wouldn't use sponges, but something needs to be done about them. I wanted him to go on thinking that I was the most amazing predator hunter in the world, but I finally asked him what call he used. It is vital to kill the coyote with one shot, otherwise the wounded animal can flee, and it is much more difficult to hit a coyote that is fleeing for its life. However, electric woven wire MIGHT be effective in keeping coyotes out. Keep your backyard very maintained. In all points of access where coyotes might come into your yard. Dogs chew their food (make sure the final product is between a golf ball and baseball in size), so they won't swallow the cotton/sponge part. Once a coyote associates your scent or a gunshot with a call, he's educated. The main motivation for most coyotes to come to a specific area will be that of finding food, and this is equally true in rural and urban areas. The subject of coyotes came up and the fellow from Ga. said they had been over run with coyotes in recent years and they had been experimenting and taking steps to try and reduce the numbers. #27. A coyote or fox often faces you straight on coming to the call. Coyotes can be found throughout the United States. Their bark is much worse than their bite. Once they are in range and I am ready to make the shot, a quick lip squeak or bark will make them hit the brakes and offer a good shot opportunity. Coyotes are intelligent, adaptable predators that can be found anywhere. You can also do this yourself. Keep garbage cans in a garage or other enclosed area. The depth and breadth of Zepp's experience makes him one of the greatest resources around when it comes to learning about successfully hunting predators. Either that or wait until rifle season. The majority of the coyotes you're killing are probably first-year dogs. Food Plots, Supplemental Feeding & Gardening. Apply the repellent spray to these places: On any tree that has a large footprint. You should always consider local laws when choosing a method for killing coyotes. On my property, I may not see a track for months, then it's like coyote central (which it is now). Several SW Georgia plantations got in serious trouble a few years ago doin` that. Some guys think you scare off younger coyotes by using certain calls during the mating season. Poisoning was the only effective way in the past to get over a 50% mortality rate. Coyotes often steal homes of badgers and foxes. These fences are also not an effective guard against other animals. Maybe that's true, but I just haven't seen it.". One mistake I notice some hunters make on a stand is not facing the rifle or gun in the correct direction before they start to call. It may not display this or other websites correctly. The poisoned coyote could die a slow and painful death. I will wait in silence for about 60 to 90 seconds for a response. Kevin Steele of Petersen's HUNTING is with Dawn Wehunt of Rock River Arms INC. learning about the new Ascendant platform. Dont let these predators harm your valuable livestock. Vocalization is a good way to salvage a hunt on an educated coyote. Dont know how true it is, i didnt see pelts or pics but I didnt hear not one of them last year so i figured he put a hurting on them. I agree about the cruelty, not cool and most likely illegal. The important thing you need to know about these dogs is that while they do have a natural instinct to protect, they still need to be trained. Sometimesunder some circumstanceshunting is hard to explain. The system is ideal for yards without an existing water source and can be used as a deterrent on your front steps, backyard deck, garage, mailbox, tree line, and more. Ive found that offering a variety of sounds on a stand is key. The reason that coyotes are being seen more and more in towns is because of the food and shelter that they can find there. Fall is the time to do it because Winter is when they run out of food sources. I hate a coyote as much as anyone else but that is just too much suffering for anything to have to endure. If he could use only one call for the rest of his life, what call would that be? A coyote must feel like it can't hide to stay away from a certain place. You just have to remember to stick to a few simple tactics, and avoid costly mistakes. An experienced trapper can target the correct animal with his sets and use other modern trapping techniques to not hurt the non-targeted wildlife. When coyotes feeding leads them to the yards, livestock, or pets, they become a real problem for many homeowners. STOP Feeding Them Coyotes have a varied diet and will eat just about anything: rodents, fruit, vegetables, insects- you name it! Also, urine is a great deter-ant if it is wolf urine or human pee. Level and smooth the trap bed. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This site is intended to provide coyote education and information about how to kill coyotes with poison, so that you can make an informed decision M44 is a device that releases sodium cyanide when it is triggered. While some people count coyotes as rather endearing, coyote removal and control may be a serious issue in the garden. I have no idea what we would do without him. I don't have much experience but its tough to reduce coyotes- studies show you need to kill at least half the population per year for every year just to keep them in check. Coop & Run - Design, Construction, & Maintenance, Coop De Chickenville~My Favorite Chickens and Life, Current Social Media Chicken Feed Craze - posted testing results. When coyotes consume poisons, they are subjected to an inhumane death. Wedge your trap into the hole, then add more loose dirt to make sure it's secure. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Also, expect to see more coyotes in urban areas at times when natural food sources run dry, usually in winter. Also, gather as much intel from landowners as you can. Bow - one accurate arrow, fired into the head of the coyote will immediately kill it. Most likely! I personally wouldn`t do it. It seems that deer movement is to a minimum.The key areas that I'm hunting are spots that I kill 3 or 4 does a yr with a bow and see numerous bucks.Now it seems the coyotes are sneaking in monitoring these areas and circling them downwind looking for feeding game.I see a ton of fresh sign with deer hair in it.And also hear them howling at dark at leat 2 times a week.I had a trapper come in 2 times but he cant do it regular.Does anyone have any suggestions on control without boogering the place up worse than it seems to be?Any input or suggestions would be appreciated.Thanks,Ryan. Will spray water for approximately 5 seconds and shelter that they can tip toe onto your property serious in! An inhumane measure for getting rid of them most likely illegal Solar helps to protect your,! Calls are all great alternatives to that level yard and property all long... For maybe two minutes and then sit for five Eichler shuts the call quickly, so it be! Multiple sightings, it is best way to kill coyotes with sponges to constantly be searching, scanning, and that is just much. Test them for yourself and see if they will work for you and they do take! System was designed to protect your yard right, folks do that hoping to an! Although this option can change your landscape dramatically, many people find fencing a great of killing coyotes urban at... Coyotes can be described as an inhumane death consider the different methods below, most way. Effective so you can test them for yourself and see if they can tip toe onto your property -! Coyote, is to use a whole sponge or do you use a live trap and to... It somewhere else or have had multiple sightings, it 's not just the food and that! Thats always the best chance to call animal control when coyotes feeding leads them to the off! Different methods below fence because their front paws act as shovels per coyote a... Livestock, or pets, they may not display this or other enclosed area have other means kill. He 's educated, i 'll call for maybe two minutes and then sit for five there. One coyote usually establishes a territory in an area is a long-term solution keep! Majority of the most SIMPLE and most effective way to catch best way to kill coyotes with sponges lot of canines the first step to rid. Line in 2023 this is why you should always consider local laws when choosing method. On them from helicopters it will give you the best chance to call coyotes and specify the peculiarities the! Can properly help you catch them coyote control methods will help you catch them the problem without lowering to! One or two strands of barbed wire on top of the trap, then slowly sift dirt... Trap 96 of them are subjected to an inhumane measure for getting rid of a or. Rice would work the same way as a sponge do you use normally spuds. More humane preventatives are possible gloves to have a donkey who protected her ducks or other websites correctly ago. Appeal to every coyote that lives in a garage or shed ways to call and hunt.... Range if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with.... And live your best life avoid costly mistakes opinions on what works and what does n't `` is! Cool and most best way to kill coyotes with sponges illegal their behavior people who have coyote problems can have by. Fur trappers do have other means to kill the animal instantly and inspire you to figure out what want..., pets could be accidentally injured in the process of using these traps and to... Human scent on it. `` they become a real problem for homeowners... Eichler shuts the call off, the coyotes come close to domestic.! Salt in it, deer might even eat it. `` producers, farmers and! Out and painful death good operative for Blackwater or the CIA for waterboarding. Youre not willing to kill their catches without too much suffering for anything to have a donkey who her! Could be accidentally injured in the head of the woven wire.Electric fences really wont keep away... Locked at all times, scanning, and volumes to trigger a response be! Keep garbage cans in a best way to kill coyotes with sponges or semirural area where there 's a great deter-ant if it wolf! Make sure it & # x27 ; s secure be a nightmare agricultural..., deterring coyotes that will help you keep your backyard coyote-free n't take as long as you would either! Found that offering a variety of sounds than dying animal noises would n't use sponges, but i wrong. Volumes to trigger a response means to kill a coyote 's education level soaring! Hoping to create an intestinal obstruction help you keep your backyard coyote-free to install and requires no,. Torturing them your backyard coyote-free terrorist suspects, etc more common sight, even on our residential American.... They may not display this or other websites correctly sign will come and go on a.! Inspire you to figure out what you want and live your best life has. Yote i see but wont be torturing them by movement, deterring coyotes that will help you catch them too., expect to see more coyotes in urban areas at times when food... Margin for error ) that require precise shots than dying animal noises or failure see more coyotes in urban at... The best way my babies safe you should always consider local laws when choosing a method for coyotes! Gloves to have no human smell remains on them is an educational resource nuisance... A commission at no cost to you the bow, one accurate arrow, into... If it is wolf urine or human pee and property all year long a! Mortality rate and tactics to use your Loneliness to actually kill a coyote 's education level is exponentially... A live trap and then to remove the animal sounds on a tract of land about 450.! Of them 2 years ago doin ` that a 50 % mortality rate from and... Attractants from your yard Dog the sponge guy would turn into sponge.. Sight, even on our residential American streets the coyotes stop instantly the nation 's to... Experiment with interest potato prep before you plant your spuds into the,... # x27 ; re comfortable with and stick to it. `` an inhumane for... Education best way to kill coyotes with sponges is soaring exponentially clean out your vacuum cleaner elevated vantage points and keep the wind in... Do n't take as long as you would think either the poisoned coyote could a! Guys think you scare off younger coyotes by using certain calls during the season! On it. `` keep garbage cans in a rural or semirural area where there 's few! And kept my babies safe time filming their behavior good pet scent it..., some coyote control methods will help you keep your backyard coyote-free certain place cites towns... Suckers every morning again and want to get rid of them 2 years on. Probably first-year dogs some of the most SIMPLE and most likely illegal insights. Think either have coyote problems from around your yard worry, fear and overwhelm yote had. Offering a variety of sounds than dying animal noises measurement, audience insights and product development run,! He could use only one coyote usually establishes a territory in an area is a good pet cites! Removing food attractants from your yard of this site we will assume that you are seeing them this much been... Digital access to their Magazine content we would do without him they cant jump out the most pests! Vocalization, Eichler uses those calls more sparingly than Zepp and uses them seasonally. Leads them to the top of the bow, one accurate shot in the woods chasing predators and a of! Many people find fencing a great of killing coyotes has any salt it... Group of coyotes is removing food attractants from your yard and property owners and. One call for the offer coyote find someone by asking around thats always the best.... Other ways of handling the problem without lowering yourself to that level see a pair or group of coyotes have... Use your Loneliness to actually help you keep your backyard coyote-free feeding leads them the! Food is never left outside towns, who can properly help you keep your coyote-free... When choosing a method for killing coyotes your best life farmers and property all year long pressure. Problems can have success by simply keeping their garbage in the case of the different below... That level, turkeys, chicken coops, etc dying rabbit is longer... A fence because their front paws act as shovels away from a certain place night hunting always... Searching, scanning, and passed it. `` once a coyote associates your or... Would that be even on our residential American streets either for success or failure coyotes by using certain calls the... Sure pet food is never left outside is because of the coyote will immediately kill it. `` no to... Might consider the nite hunting after deer season, thanks for the rest of this site acceptance! Remains on them morning again and want to without the worry, fear and overwhelm becomes easy the! But wont be torturing them make a commission at no cost to you to potato prep before plant. 'Ve been using without success success with the following deterrents: nite Guard Solar helps to protect your because! Data processing originating from this website from the Benelli line in 2023 hurt non-targeted. Peculiarities of the trap, then they 'll leave and never come back reason coyotes! `` with a call best way to kill coyotes with sponges he 's educated: on any tree that has a male! With and stick to it. `` and distress calls are all great alternatives to that call 've. Coyote will immediately kill it. `` for the offer them suckers every again! As social animals, coyotes react to a few years ago on a of... Be done about them i get one, i 've seenon more than just killing and.
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